Exploring the Traditional Chinese Medicinal Properties and Efficacy Characteristics of Morphine from the Perspective of the "Tangye Jingfa Tu"
Author：ZHANG Ya'nan1, XIE Chenqiong2, HE Jingwen3, XU Wei4, JIN Rui5
Unit：1.Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai Shandong 264001, China; 2.The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou Zhejiang 310012, China; 3.LuYi County People's Hospital, Zhoukou He'nan 477200, China; 4. Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, China; 5.Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
Quote：引用：张亚囡，谢晨琼，何静文，徐微，金锐.从“汤液经法图”角度探讨吗啡的中药药性与功效特点[J].中医药导报,2026,32(2):80-86.
DOI：10.13862/j.cn43-1446/r.2026.02.013
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Abstract：
This article explores the traditional
Chinese medicinal (TCM) properties, efficacy characteristics, and clinical
application of morphine by reviewing its pharmacological effects, clinical
compatibility, and adverse reactions through the lens of the "Tangye
Jingfa Tu". Morphine, a potent opioid analgesic commonly used in clinical
practice, is primarily derived from the capsule of Papaver somniferum L. It
exhibits extensive effects including analgesia, sedation, antitussive action,
and inhibition of intestinal peristalsis. In TCM, Papaveris Pericarpium (opium
poppy capsule) is traditionally attributed with the efficacy of
"astringing the lung, securing the intestines, and relieving pain",
used for chronic cough, persistent diarrhea, rectal prolapse, and
epigastric/abdominal pain. Its medicinal property is classified as having a
"sour" flavor. According to the theoretical system of the
"Tangye Jingfa Tu" recorded in Fuxing Jue, sour-flavored medicinals
drain Liver-Wood, tonify Lung-Metal, and constrain Heart-Fire. From the
perspective of the Five Elements attributes, morphine, being a main active
component of Papaveris Pericarpium, shares similar modern pharmacological
actions with the TCM understanding of the herb's efficacy, suggesting analogous
medicinal properties. Pharmacological analysis indicates that morphine's
effects-such as analgesia, cough suppression, inhibition of intestinal
peristalsis, sedation, and reduction of cardiac load-conform to the medicinal
positioning principle of sour flavor for draining the liver, tonifying the
lung, and constraining the heart as outlined in the "Tangye Jingfa
Tu". Clinical compatibility analysis demonstrates that combining morphine
with TCM formulas featuring a "sour-pungent-sweet" combination
[Shaoyao Gancao Tang (芍药甘草汤), Sini San
(四逆散), Chaihu Shugan San (柴胡疏肝散)] enhances analgesic efficacy and reduces dosage and side effects.
In these combinations, the predominant sour flavor softens the liver to relieve
pain, while the sweet flavor moderates the liver. Clinical experience suggests
that combining morphine with salty-flavored medicinals, such as Dahuang (Rheum
palmatum) and Mangxiao (Mirabilitum), helps alleviate morphine-induced
constipation. This effect can be explained by the TCM principles that
"salty flavor purges the Lung" and that "the interaction of sour
and salty generates pungency", the latter of which helps disperse lung
constraint. Although the "Tangye Jingfa Tu" is directly targeted at
TCM formula compatibility based on syndrome differentiation of visceral
deficiency/excess and the therapeutic system of using the five flavors for
supplementation and drainage, its core concepts are also instructive for the
combined use of Chinese and Western medicines.
Key words：morphine; Papaver somniferum; Tangye Jingfa Tu; Fuxing Jue; medicinal property; sour flavor; analgesia
摘要：本文通过查阅吗啡药理作用、临床配伍应用及不良反应，利用“汤液经法图”探讨吗啡的中药药性及功效特点，分析其临床应用。吗啡为临床常用强效阿片类镇痛药物，具有广泛的镇痛、镇静、镇咳及抑制肠蠕动作用，主要来源于罂粟科植物罂粟Papaver somniferum L.果壳。罂粟壳传统功效为“敛肺，涩肠，止痛”，用于久咳，久泻，脱肛，脘腹疼痛，对其药性定位为“酸”味。从《辅行诀》所载“汤液经法图”理论体系看，酸味药泻肝木，补肺金，收心火。从罂粟壳五行属性看，吗啡来源于罂粟蒴果，是中药罂粟壳的主要有效成分之一，其现代药理作用与传统中医对罂粟壳的功效认识相似。故两者的药性属性也应相似。从药理作用分析，吗啡有镇痛、镇咳、抑制肠蠕动、镇静、减轻心脏负荷等药理作用，符合“汤液经法图”酸味泻肝、补肺、收心的药物定位原则。从临床配伍用药规律分析，吗啡联合芍药甘草汤、四逆散、柴胡疏肝散等“酸-辛-甘”组合中药方剂，酸味柔肝止痛，甘味缓肝，以酸味为主，可增强吗啡镇痛疗效，减少吗啡用量及毒副反应。从临床用药经验分析，联合大黄、芒硝等咸味药，咸能泻肺，酸咸化辛，辛能散肺，可缓解吗啡便秘的不良反应。“汤液经法图”基于脏腑虚实辨证和五味补泻用药诊疗体系虽然直接针对的是中药配伍，但其核心思想对于中西药联用同样具有指导意义。
关键词：吗啡；罂粟；汤液经法图；辅行诀；药性；酸味；镇痛
Release time：2026-03-05
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